THE CAMP SYSTEM WAS EXTENSIVE... IT INCLUDED CONCENTRATION CAMPS, LABOR CANPS

   


The camp system was extensive. It included concentration camps, labor camps, prisoner-of-war camps, transit camps, and killing centers.

German authorities under National Socialism established a variety of detention facilities to confine those whom they defined as political, ideological, or racial opponents of the regime.


 In time their extensive camp system came to include concentration camps, where persons were incarcerated without observation of the standard norms applying to arrest and custody; labor camps; prisoner-of-war camps; transit camps; and camps which served as killing centers, often called extermination camps or death camps.


In the earliest years of the Third Reich, various central, regional, and local authorities in Germany established concentration camps to detain political opponents of the regime, including German Communists, Socialists, trade unionists, and others from left and liberal political circles. In the spring of 1933, the SS established Dachau concentration camp, which came to serve as a model for an expanding and centralized concentration camp system under SS management.


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During 1934, Reichsführer SS (SS chief) Heinrich Himmler centralized those camps that held prisoners under orders of “protective custody” (Schutzhaft) under an agency called the Inspectorate of Concentration Camps (Inspekteur der Konzentrationslager; IKL).


 Himmler appointed Dachau concentration camp commander Theodor Eicke as chief of the IKL. In 1939, Richard Glücks replaced Eicke as Inspector of Concentration Camps; he held this position until 1945.


Subordinate to the SS Main Office from 1934 until 1939 and the SS Operations Main Office from 1939 until early 1942, the IKL became a department of the SS Economic-Administrative Main Office (SS-Wirtschafts-Verwaltungshauptamt; WVHA) in March 1942. This move corresponded to Himmler's decision to engage concentration camp labor more intensively in support of the German war effort.


Named for the insignia they wore on their uniform collar lapels, the SS Death's-Head Units (SS-Totenkopfverbände; SS-TV), later called SS Death's-Head Battalions (Sturmbann) and, eventually, Regiments (Standarten), commanded, administered, and guarded the concentration camps. Subordinated to the IKL, these units came to be renowned for their cruelty.


The German Security Police (Sicherheitspolizei; Sipo) had exclusive responsibility for arrest as well as orders for incarceration, release, execution, or other “official” disciplinary punishment. The Security Police was incorporated into the Reich Main Office for Security (Reichssicherheitshauptamt; RSHA) along with the SS Security Service (Sicherheitsdienst; SD) in 1939. 


It consisted of two branches of the pre-Nazi police detective forces: the German Political Police detective agencies, centralized and renamed the Secret State Police (Gestapo, for Geheime Staatspolizei) in 1934, investigated politically motivated crime; while the Criminal Police Detective agencies, centralized in 1936–1937, investigated crime that lacked apparent political motive.


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